Li

Gilbert N. Lewis pioneered lithium batteries in 1912, the first non-rechargable cells were created in the early 1970's. Lithium does not suffer from common battery maintainance issues like memory and self discharge, and is environmentally safe. Sony commercialized the first lithium-ion battery in 1991.

Wikipedia pages for Li-ion, Li-poly, and Lithium(element).

FactBites pages for Lithium, Lithium-ion-battery

Google groups sci.chem.electrochem.battery, [1] -> Volume Li-ion Manufacturing in the US, Li-ion Charge efficiency

BEVs using Lithium

• ACP tzero - W - Sony 18650's (6,800 of them)
• ProEV Electric Imp - #Kokam
• Eliica - W - Fast 8 wheel Limo
• Venturi Fetish - [2]
• Mitsubishi Colt EV - [3] - [4] - hub motors
• Maya-100 -
• Volvo 3CC -
• EDrive - to use #Valence
  • There are many more which I do not have listed yet... StandBy...
• Honda Insight conversion - #ThunderSky
  • There are numerous conversions using TS cells... StandBy...
• Victor Tikhonov of Portland Oregon used #ThunderSky and Maxwell Power Cache Ultracapacitors PC2500 in his AC 1991 Honda CRX HF.
  • See it here on the EVAlbum and at metricmind look for the images section and see the bat* and cap* photos.
• Elexceed [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]
• Jan. 10, 2006 - Ford Reflex Diesel hybrid concept car also taps the sun.
• 2000 mile range EV - EVDL thread to stanford .pdf, seems like it's "old" news.

Recent News

• 2006.02.04 - New ion age begins as quest for the perfect battery accelerates
• 2006.01.17 - Better batteries for hybrid cars? [10] Lithium-ion batteries, found today inside notebooks and cell phones, may power hybrid cars in five to 10 years if research at Sandia National Laboratories pays off.
• 2005.11.22 - The Lithium Economy - Why hydrogen might not power future vehicles and lithium-based batteries might.
• 2005.08.30 - Altair Nanotechnologies Aims to Fast Track Lithium Ion Battery Electrode Technology
• 2005.09.29 - Johnson Controls advanced lithium-ion development laboratory
  • [11] Videos near top.
• 2005.09.20 - 2008 Prius Li Option Rumior [12]

• 2005.09.14 - Li thread - EVDL
  • http://www.compactpower.com large format Lithium, 2006 production?
  • http://www.coloradops.com more lithium
  • http://www.gbp-battery.com more Li
  • http://www.evworld.com/view.cfm?section=article&storyid=877

Military Use

• http://www.defense-update.com/products/b/ba5590.htm
• http://www.defense-update.com/products/b/bb2590.htm
  • http://www.defense-update.com/features/du-1-04/batteries-lessons-iraq.htm
    • http://www.defense-update.com/features/du-1-04/feature-powering-land-warrior.htm
    • http://www.defense-update.com/features/du-1-04/lithium-batteries.htm
    • http://www.defense-update.com/features/du-1-04/battery-rechargeable.htm
      • http://www.defense-update.com/features/du-1-04/battery-chemistries.htm
    • http://www.defense-update.com/features/du-1-04/battery-logistics.htm
    • http://www.defense-update.com/features/du-1-04/battery-SoC.htm

• Need Zink-Air Page
• http://www.defense-update.com/products/a/arotech-ba-8180U.htm
• http://www.defense-update.com/products/z/zinc-air-battery-new.htm
• http://www.defense-update.com/features/du-2-04/mav-propulsion-energy.htm

Valence

• http://www.valence.com/ucharge.asp - Valence ucharge - drop in PbA replacements.
• http://www.austinev.org/evalbum/602.html - Solectria Forces with PbA, Ni, and Valence Li
  • http://www.geocities.com/chris_b_jones@prodigy.net/EV/valence.txt - interesting analysis of the pros and cons of using valence Liions in an EV today
  • Cost about $2,500 each for a group 27 Valence Liion, 2000 cycles, BMS included in each block...
• Valence makes U-Charge Saphion Lithium Ion batteries in a few common sizes, they are intended to be "12v" drop in replacements for Lead-Acid and have integrated management. Most notable these batteries are less likely to burn when abused, an important new feature for Li.
  • According to Marc Kohler of Valence, their U1 will do 300A, not only 150A per U-Charge_Datasheet. Their U24 will do 600A instead of 200A, and will do 200A "up a long hill", though these higher rates have not been confirmed. Also per an EVDL thread the 12V modules are U1, 40AH - $650 US ($1.35/WH); U24, 100AH - $1600 US ($1.33/WH); U27, 130AH - $1900 US ($1.22/WH); and $800 for display and charger. image?, Datasheet, New High Rate versions
  • 2005.08.26 - wired.com

Kokam

• 2006.02.27 - Kokam Announce Development of 1000-Mile (300 kWh) Range Vehicle Project, to use 5 units of a 200 Ah 81S1P system.
• http://www.kokamamerica.com/ contact info
• http://www.kokam.com/english/product/battery03.html#2
• 100Ah Li-Poly 171Wh/kg (364Wh/L), 1kW/kg (1.95kW/L)
• http://www.enerdel.com/p_detail.html - EnerDel
• https://www.fmadirect.com/site/Products.htm?cat=28
• http://www.maxamps.com
• http://www.lithiumtech.com/compover.htm - LTC Lithium
• http://www.aist.go.jp/aist_e/latest_research/2004/20041203/20041203.html - Cost Reduction for Secondary Lithium-Ion Battery
• http://www.kokam.com/english/product/kokam_Lipo_01.html - cycles tests

ThunderSky

• http://www.internationalbatteryllc.com
• http://thunder-sky.com/en/battery.htm
• lithium battery, 10 passenger bus delivered to Seattle. - $150,000
• For the 50 AH battery in quantities of 10 or more price quoted at $3 per AH.
• http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ThunderSky

There is also a Thundersky battery rep in Vancouver B.C.

Milwaukee PowerTools

• 2006.02.03 - From V-8 to V28™ Power! - Jesse James and the Monster Garage re-power a 1962 Chevrolet Bel Air with Milwaukee V28™ Lithium-Ion batteries! Link to Video at bottom. Airing EVents 2006 04 10.
• http://www.v28power.com/flash.htm - 28v is perfect for a scooter, They are simply one of the or the most powerfull tool battery I have seen 28 volts at 3 amphours. They are made for 40 amps all day, and peaks over 100 amps. 2.2 Lbs. [13]
  • Battery pack made up of 7 cells is 3Ah, 2.5Lbs ship weight, $118.50, Mfr. Model # 48-11-2830
  • 1 hour charger is 2.2Lbs, $47.5, Mfr. Model # 48-59-2801.
  • WorkLight is 1.3Lbs, $27.75 (cheap source for battery socket?), Mfr. Model # 49-24-0185.
  • I don't have a cordless band saw yet, wink wink.

• EVDL http://www.molienergy.com/index.htm http://www.e-one.com.tw [14] [15]
  • ... company now produces a total of 1.8 million cells per month for such things as cellphones, lap-top computers and other portable data terminals, and normally does about $100 million in business per year. But Broom forecast that by supplying the power-tool industry E-One could potentially double its total business in three years. Broom said that the deal with Milwaukee means E-One will produce an extra 150,000 battery cells a month at the Maple Ridge plant, which employs 430 people. "We're looking at plans to quadruple production by the end of the year"...
  • Using lithium manganese oxide (LiMN204) in the positive electrode of the new IMR26700 cell allows for a Li-ion cell with higher discharge rates than ever before. The IMR26700 cell can deliver currents in excess of 100A.
    By eliminating cobalt from the IMR26700 cell it is possible to produce a much larger cell, while providing exceptional safety characteristics. Further developments of the IMR26700 cell will provide fast charge capability, allowing cells to be fully charged in as little as 15 minutes.
    The introduction of the IMR26700 will allow Molicel to enter new markets previously only served by lead acid, nickel-cadmium or nickel-metal-hydride batteries, such as electric bicycles, power tools and potentially electric or hybrid-electric vehicles. Manganese oxide lithium-ion batteries are more environmentally friendly than those traditional battery systems.
    To support the launch of the new IMR26700, Molicel has implemented in a new high-speed production line capable of producing 1.5million cells per month. Molicel began shipping the IMR26700 cells in 2004.'
  • Specifications of the IMR26700 Cell
    • Cell Type = IMR26700 Manganese
    • Size = 26.4mm diameter; 70mm length
    • Weight = 100g
    • Capacity = 3Ah
    • Standard Charging Voltage = 4.2V – 2.5V
    • Energy Density = 285Wh/l
    • Power Density = 1500W/kg at 20 seconds
  • 1,500,000 cells/month is 4,500,000Ah * 3.7vpc = 13,500,000 Wh of capacity.
    • 13,500 kWh is enough to deliver 40,500 BEV miles (@3m/kWh) per month in cells.
    • 486 Thousand miles or 162,000kWh per year, of Battery Capacity.
    • It would cost $9,720 to charge that once at $0.06/kWh, just $0.02/mile.
    • That's about 2000 BEV/PHEV's with 250 miles or 10,000 with 50 miles of range.

• http://www.rbrc.org - Battery Recycler.
• User:Rjf/Tiger Scooter#Milwaukee V28 Pack

A123 Systems

• http://autos.groups.yahoo.com/group/gridable-hybrids/message/2295 M1 cells in DeWalt powertools.
• 2005.11.02 - A123Systems Launches New Higher-Power, Faster Recharging Li-Ion Battery Systems [16] [17] [18]
• A123Systems li-ion technology
  • Form factor: 26650
  • nominal voltage: 3.35v
  • max voltage 3.6v
  • capacity: 2.2ah
  • internal resistance 10-12mohm
  • power density at 5 sec pulse: 3500w/kg
    • Continuous discharge = 30, 189W, 2,700 W/kg
    • Long pulse = 80, 240W, 3,480 W/kg
    • Instant pulse = 100, 344W, 4,990 W/kg
  • energy density: 110wh/kg
  • weight: 70g/cell
• Response from A123

Sony High Power Cells

• 90g, 50A, 2.5Ah, 26650 cells! 250Wh/L (100Wh/kg), ??kW/L (2kW/kg)
• http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/Press/200412/04-060E/ -Sony High Power

Toshiba High Rate Cells

• 19.1g, 30A, 0.6Ah, 250Wh/L (113Wh/kg), 10kW/L (4.5kW/kg)
• http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7081 - High Power, High Cycle Advancements - High surface area anode
• http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/2005_03/pr2901.htm - PR - 60 sec recharge
• http://www.macnewsworld.com/story/article/41889.html - Toshiba Puts Nano-Material into Fast-Charging Battery
• http://neasia.nikkeibp.com/topstory/000881 - Another Article - LiCoO2-type (lithium cobalt oxide) positive electrode (cathode) - 150- 250Wh/L , 10kW/L
• http://www.batteriesdigest.com/HTMLobj-2641/Bd109d.pdf
• http://www.greencarcongress.com/2005/06/electrode_nanom.html
• Toshibas High-Rate (50C) Li, scheduled for 2006 production [19]

NEC

• http://www.nec-tokin.com/english/product/me/chisiki/li6.html - Manufacturing Process
• http://www.nec-tokin.com/english/search/search.php?select=all&query=Lithium&search=true&imageField2.x=0&imageField2.y=0 - Search
• http://www.nec-tokin.com/english/product/lithiumion/outline01.html - NEC Outline
• http://www.nec-tokin.com/english/product/me/chisiki/intro/index.html - Intro

Altair Nano

• http://www.altairnano.com - patent US 6689716 - ALTI
• Altair gets order for 1000kG of lithium titanate spinel electrode nanomaterials [20] [21] [22] [23]
  • Altair Nanotechnologies Inc. (NASDAQ: ALTI) and Toshiba have rather promising advanced Li-ion improvements which greatly increase their previously lacking Power Density and Cycle Life. Energy Density, Weight, and even high volume cost of about $500/kWh have been a reality for some time now.

• 2006.02.08 - Altairnano and Electro Energy to Partner on Lithium-Ion Batteries - Green Car Congress
• 2006.01.18 - Altair Nano-based Lithium Battery for Hybrids A Step Closer
  • Published in the September 2004 edition of the advanced energy industry standard, Journal of Power Sources "9,000 cycles"
• Yahoo Gridable msg Gridable_Maillist:2005./4./22
• Biz.Yahoo msg1
• Biz.Yahoo msg2

Misc from old site

• http://www.metricmind.com/battery.htm local copy
• http://www.guardian.co.uk/life/feature/story/0,13026,1423451,00.html - SlimCells
• http://www.splendidbattery.com - Numerous chemistries. See Cylindrical, Prismatic, for EV, Li Polymer
• http://www.batteryuniversity.com/partone-20.htm - Recycling batteries
• http://wirelessreview.com/ar/wireless_power_liion/
• http://www.batterieswholesale.com/lithium_polymer_lipo/lithium_polymer_myth.htm

My Data

Here is my Li-ion Data for 18650 1.3Ah, LGQ863448H 1.05Ah, and M08134B 1.05Ah cells

• http://www.definity-systems.net/Transportation/EV/Li-ion/18650.html - $3.00 (Scooter Pack v0.1)
• http://www.definity-systems.net/Transportation/EV/Li-ion/LGQ.html - LGQ - $1.00 (Scooter Pack v0.2)
• http://www.definity-systems.net/Transportation/EV/Li-ion/duno.html - $0.75 (Identical to Motorola Timeport)

Yet to migrate

http://www.definity-systems.net/Transportation/EV/Li-ion/Regular/